Running for 1 166 kilometres, Langeled ranks as the world’s longest underwater gas pipeline. It has been constructed to carry gas from the Ormen Lange field in the Norwegian Sea.
The system starts from the processing plant at Nyhamna on the mid-Norwegian coast. Its 42-inch northern leg carries gas to the Sleipner East fieldin the North Sea.
Hub: Langeled is integrated with Norway’s existing gas pipeline system at Sleipner East. Gas can also be blended here to ensure the right quality, with exports allocated between the UK and continental Europe as required.
Receiving terminal: The southern leg of Langeled is a 44-inch pipeline from the Sleipner East hub to the receiving terminal at Easington on the English east coast.
3.1.4 Molar Mass, Moles and Molecules
Why not explore and learn more about moles and molar mass.
3.1.7 Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856)
Why not explore and learn more about Amedeo Avogadro.
3.1.9 Robert Boyle (1627-1691)
Why not explore and learn more about Robert Boyle.
3.1.11 Jacques Charles and Joseph Gay-Lussac
Why not explore and find out more about Jacques Charles and Joseph Gay-Lussac.
3.2.18 Richard Mollier (1863-1935)
Why not explore and find out more about Richard Mollier, the name now given to all diagrams that involve enthalpy.
3.3.16 Ideal heating.
Why not explore and find out more about domestic central heating boilers. Ideal heating are leading manufacturer based in the city of Hull.
3.3.20 Energy content of wood as function of water content
Why not explore more to find out about the energy content of wood and the use of biomass in general.
3.4.10 Boiling water
Why not explore more and read the novel by Jules Verne. It is freely available at Guttenberg.org.
3.4.12 The Tea stylist
Why not explore more using the link below.
3.4.13 Boiling an egg on Everest
See more at:
The Science of Boiling an Egg, by Charles D. H. Williams
3.4.16 The benefits of cooking using a pressure cooker
Why not explore and find out more about cooking with a pressure cooker. This late 1940's film shows one of the earliest TV celebrity chefs, Marguerite Patten, explaining how a pressure cooker works.
3.5.10 Dry ice
Why not explore more and find out about dry ice.
3.5.13 Freeze-dried coffee
Why not explore and find out more about the process of freeze-drying?
3.5.14 What happens to water in space?
This is another question for you to explore. What do you think happens to water in space? Does the water freeze to first, turning to solid, or boil immediately, turning to vapour? The first video answers this question.
What about on top of a mountain? The second video is an entertaining answer to this question.
3.6.2 Steam boiler animation
3.6.11 Properties of steam freely available methods.
Links are provided to macros for Excel, Matlab, Mathcad and a standalone web based service from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST, in the USA.
3.6.14 Properties of Steam – Example – Isothermal properties
Why not visit the NIST web site and investigate the properties of steam. Can you follow the results from the earlier virtual experiment? Can you find the critical pressure?
3.7.1 The northern mill engine Society crossfield mill beam engine
Beam engines were the earliest form of stationary steam engine and this is certainly the oldest engine in the Northern Mill Engine Society's collection, believed to date from about 1840. The engine was rebuilt in about 1893 with a new high-pressure cylinder and worked until 1953, lying derelict until 1967 when the Society acquired it from the Crossfield Mill at Wardle near Rochdale. The cylinders are 12" and 20" diameter and the stroke is 3ft 6ins. The maker is unknown.
3.7.6 WP 4-6-2 locomotive
This is a fantastic Flash-based animation, to find out more, why not visit the archived website yourself.
The Chemicals Regulations 2009
For more information see The Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2009 (schedule 1)
Preparing Safety Reports
For those who write safety reports on sites operating COMAH Regulations. Explains how they should contain enough detail to demonstrate the adequate measures in place to prevent major accidents - to people or the environment - or to limit consequences of any.
The Health and Safety Executive publication “Five steps to risk assessment”
This leaflet aims to help you assess health and safety risks in the workplace.
The “Swiss Cheese” model
For more detail on these The "Swiss Cheese", you should read:
The “Swiss Cheese” model developed by James Reason and Dante Orlandella (see Human Error by James Reason ISBN-10: 0521314194 ISBN-13: 978-0521314190)
Health and Safety Executive
For further details see the Health and Safety Executive website
For a communication targeted at the general public, particularly those who live around major hazard sites, see this document (Major Hazard Sites and Safety Reports – What You Need to Know)
Preparing safety reports: Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1999 (COMAH)
For those who write safety reports on sites operating COMAH Regulations. Explains how they should contain enough detail to demonstrate the adequate measures in place to prevent major accidents - to people or the environment - or to limit consequences of any.
ALARP
Further information on ALARP can be obtained from this Health and Safety Executive web site
Investigating accidents and incidents
A workbook for employers, unions, safety representatives and safety professionals
Further Research
The following incidents discussed in “Incidents that Define Process Safety” highlight the importance of effective learning from incidents and near misses. They did not occur within the process industry, but nevertheless, in each case a failure to learn from previous incidents led to major incidents and loss of life.
It’s important to remember that it is not just high-hazard process industries that have the potential for serious incidents. This also applies, for example, to rail, sea and air travel.
• The loss of the Space Shuttle “Columbia” over Texas, USA February 1 2003 (page 211)
• The capsize of the Herald of Free Enterprise, Zeebrugge, Belgium March 6 1987 (page 220)
• Air France Concorde Crash, Paris, France July 25 2000 (page 227)
Further Research
As further support material for this section, you should read about the following incidents, which are discussed in “Incidents that Define Process Safety”, and again highlight the importance of effective inspection and maintenance.
HF Release at Marathon Oil Refinery, Texas City, USA October 30 1987 (page 101)
Oil Refinery Explosion and Fire at Texaco Milford Haven July 24 1994 (page 105)
FCCU Explosion at Total La Mede, France, November 9 1992 (page 112)
Further Research
Other relevant material is available on the Health and Safety Executive web site. In particular students should study Revitalising Procedures available. The following incidents discussed in “Incidents that Define Process Safety” highlight the importance of effective operating practices and procedures>
Hydrocracker Effluent Pipe Rupture, Tosco, Avon Refinery California USA January 21 1997 (page 244)
BP Texas City Isomerisation Unit Explosion, Texas, USA March 23 2005 (page 251)
The essential attributes of an effective operating procedure system are defined in Element 8: ‘Operating Manuals and Procedures’ of the Energy Institute High Level Framework for Effective Process Safety Management.
Further Research
Other relevant is material is available on the Health and Safety Executive web site. In particular students should study Human Factors: Organisational Change
and Plant Modification/Change Procedures.
The following incidents, discussed in “Incidents that Define Process Safety”, highlight the importance of effective management of change.
Chernobyl, USSR – How a Safety Enhancement Experiment turned into a world scale disaster, April 26 1986 (page 195)
Dutch State Mines Nypro Plant, Flixborough UK June 1 1974 (page 202)
Permit to Work process
The following incidents, discussed in “Incidents that Define Process Safety”, also highlight the importance of an effective Permit to Work system.
Phillips Pasadena, Texas, October 23 1989 (page 272)
Piper Alpha Platform, UK, North Sea July 6 1988 (page 277)
Further reading on the Take 5 concept
This is a handy resource on the Take 5 Concept.
High Level Framework for Process Safety management
Linking theory and practice
The essential attributes of effective control of work and task risk management systems are defined in Element 17: “Work Control, Permit to Work and Task Risk Management” in the Energy Institute ‘High Level Framework for Effective Process Safety Management’
Link to Process Safety Management and COMAH regulations
Process Safety incidents can lead to loss of life and major environmental damage. The following incidents discussed in “Incidents that Define Process Safety” highlight how Process Safety failures can cause significant environmental damage.
ICMESA Seveso Italy, Toxic Cloud Release July 10 1976 (page 295)
Sandoz SA Warehouse Fire, Bale, Switzerland November 1 1986 (page 300).